Conditional Statements and Loops

Conditional Statements

When you want to execute code only under certain circumstances, you should use conditional statements.

If statement

When you want to conditionally execute some code you will wrap it in an if statement.
```
let isLoading = true;

if(isLoading) {
  console.log('Currently loading...');
}
```
The console.log will only be executed if the isLoading variable evaluated to a truthy value.

If else statement

Similar to the if statement except that you have an additional block (else statement) where you can execute code if the condition is not met (or the condition is false).

const temperature = 85;

if(temperature > 70) {
  // Temperature is above 70.
  console.log('The temperature is above 70.');
} else {
  // Temperature is 70 or below.
  console.log('The temperature is below 70.');
}

If the temperature is above 70 it will execute the code in the if block, otherwise it will execute the code in the else block.

Else if statement

An else if statement is used to make a new condition if the first condition (if statement) is determined to be false.

You use the else if statement in conjunction to the if (or if else) statement.

const dogsOwned = 4;

if(dogsOwned < 4) {
  console.log('I have less than 4 dogs');
} else if (dogsOwned = 4) {
  console.log('I have 4 dogs');
} else {
  console.log('I have more than 4 dogs');
}

To summarize, what is this code saying?
- "If" the first condition (dogsOwned < 4) is true, execute this code.
- "Else if" the first condition is false and the second condition (dogsOwned = 4) is true, execute this code.
- "Else" both conditions are false execute this code.

Switch statement

If you have many cases to check against, you should use a switch statement.
Essentially, the value of the expression (whatever you enter for food in the example) will be compared to the value of each case.

Once there is a match, the code associated with that case will be executed.

const food = 'salad';

switch (food) {
  case 'crab':
    console.log('The taste of the sea 🦀');
    break;
  case 'pizza':
    console.log('A delicious 🍕 pie.');
    break;
  default:
    console.log('Enjoy your meal');
}

The switch statement should include a default case, which happens when none of the other cases match.
Each case block should also generally include a break after the case to break out of the switch block.

Additionally, you can have multiple cases within a code block if they use the same code.

switch (drink) {
  case soda:
  case juice:
    text = "I don't like water";
    break;
  default:
    text = "I love water";
}

*Note: If the break is omitted the system will continue checking other conditions until it finds a break (which might lead to bugs).

Loops

When you want to iterate over a collection of items or repeat until a certain condition is met you should use a loop.

For loop

A for loop is composed of three parts, separated by a semicolon (;).
- iterator variable
- condition
- iteration modifier
```
for(let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
  console.log(`The value of i is: ${i}`);
}
```
let i = 0; creates and initializes the iterator variable.
The loop will continue to iterate until the condition (i < 5) evaluates to false.
- In this case i < 5; means that it will continue until i is greater than 5.
i++; will increment the variable i after each time the loop is executed.
Note: More advanced versions of the for loop exist and some will be covered in other sections.

While loop

The loop will continue to be executed as long as the condition evaluates to true.

let isDone = false;
let i = 0;

while(!isDone) {
  if(i > 5) {
    isDone = true;
  } else {
    i++;
    console.log(i) 
    // Will print: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Will stop after i > 5
  }
}

Do While loop

Similar to a while loop, but differs in that it executes the code at least once before it checks the condition to determine whether or not to iterate.

let x = 10;

do {
  x--;
  console.log(x); 
  // Will appear as 9 because we are decrementing it once before checking if x < 5. 
} while(x < 5);